Mental State And Emotional State Of Someone - 1344 Words

Depression has a wide range and variety of characteristics that can interrupt the mental state and emotional state of someone. It affects 9% of adult Americana in a lifetime and can come from an outside event like a death, no cause at all, or it can start with reactive depression then turn into clinical depression. 15 million Americans deal with depression today and many different forms from major depression to bipolar disorder. (Rottenberg, 1991) Having symptoms for about two to four weeks, and showing loss of interest, or loss of appetite is a form of depression. Someone that is depressed normally experiences a continence of sadness or low self-esteem. It also effects concentration, everyday functions, and sleep and can also affect the immune system. Depression is also common in children, but is highly treatable in adults and children. Lets take a deeper look into the causes, ages of the individuals, symptoms, and treatment for depression, so we can better understand. The depression illness has no obvious cause; it is an extreme complex disease, and sometimes a loss of a job, death of a loved one, or a breakup can trigger it. It can also have a genetic background because some disorders run in families. Scientist believes 40 percent of depressed individuals that have linked genetics and environment factors make up 60 percent, nature versus nurture. Having a viral infection, a baby (postnatal) or hormonal disorder can also contribute to depression. AbuseShow MoreRelatedTeen Relationship Abuse : A Major Problem899 Words   |  4 PagesTeen Relationship Abuse: A Major Problem in Todays Society? Teen relationship abuse affects many teens in the United States. Relationship abuse is a serious issue in todays society. There are many warning signs of relationship abuse. There are also many ways to prevent and end an abusive relationship. This paper will explain what teen relationship abuse is and things we can do to bring it to an end. 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The Mechanics of Air Pressure

Air pressure, atmospheric pressure, or barometric pressure, is the pressure exerted over a surface by the weight of an air mass (and its molecules) above it. How Heavy Is Air? Air pressure is a difficult concept. How can something invisible have mass and weight? Air has mass because it is made up of a mixture of gases that have mass. Add up the weight of all these gases that compose dry air (oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and others) and you get the weight of dry air. The molecular weight, or molar mass, of dry air is 28.97 grams per mole. While that isnt very much, a typical air mass is made up of an incredibly large number of air molecules. As such, you can begin to see how air can have considerable weight when the masses of all the molecules are added together. High and Low Air Pressure So whats the connection between molecules and air pressure? If the number of air molecules above an area increases, there are more molecules to exert pressure on that area and its total atmospheric pressure increases. This is what we call high pressure. Likewise, if there are less air molecules above an area, the atmospheric pressure decreases. This is known as low pressure. Air pressure isnt uniform across the Earth. It ranges from 980 to 1050 millibars and changes with altitude. The higher the altitude, the lower the air pressure. This is because the number of air molecules decreases at higher altitudes, thus decreasing air density and air pressure. Air pressure is highest at sea level, where air density is greatest. Air Pressure Basics There are 5 basics about air pressure: It increases as air density increases and lowers as air density lowers.It increases as temperatures increase and lowers as temperatures cool.It increases at lower altitudes and decreases at higher altitudes.Air moves from high pressure to low pressure.Air pressure is measured with a weather instrument known as a barometer. (This is why its also sometimes called barometric pressure.) Measuring Air Pressure This is a close up of the needle at the Change indication of an aneroid barometer used to measure air pressure. Gannet77/E/Getty Images A barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure in units called atmospheres or milibars. The oldest type of barometer is the mercury barometer. This instrument measures mercury as it rises or lowers in the glass tube of the barometer. Since atmospheric pressure is basically the weight of air in the atmosphere above the reservoir, the level of mercury in the barometer will continue to change until the weight of mercury in the glass tube is exactly equal to the weight of air above the reservoir. Once the two have stopped moving and are balanced, the pressure is recorded by reading the value at the mercurys height in the vertical column. If the weight of mercury is less than the atmospheric pressure, the mercury level in the glass tube will rise (high pressure). In areas of high pressure, air is sinking toward the surface of the earth more quickly than it can flow out to surrounding areas. Since the number of air molecules above the surface increases, there are more molecules to exert a force on that surface. With an increased weight of air above the reservoir, the mercury level rises to a higher level. If the weight of mercury is greater than the atmospheric pressure, the mercury level will fall (low pressure). In areas of low pressure, air is rising away from the surface of the Earth more quickly than it can be replaced by air flowing in from surrounding areas. Since the number of air molecules above the area decreases, there are less molecules to exert a force on that surface. With a reduced weight of air above the reservoir, the mercury level drops to a lower level. Other types of barometers include aneroid and digital barometers. Aneroid barometers do not contain mercury or any other liquid, but they have a sealed and air-tight metallic chamber. The chamber expands or contracts in response to pressure changes and a pointer on a dial is used to indicate pressure readings. Modern barometers are digital and are able to measure atmospheric pressure accurately and quickly. These electronic instruments display current atmospheric pressure readings across a display screen. Low and High Pressure Systems Atmospheric pressure is impacted by daytime heating from the sun. This heating does not occur evenly across the Earth as some areas are heated more than others. As air is warmed, it rises and can result in a low pressure system. The pressure at the center of a low pressure system is lower than air in the surrounding area. Winds blow toward the area of low pressure causing air in the atmosphere to rise. Water vapor in the rising air condenses forming clouds and, in many cases, precipitation. Due to the Coriolis Effect, a result of the Earths rotation, winds in a low pressure system circulate counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. Low pressure systems can produce unstable weather and storms such as cyclones, hurricanes, and typhoons. As a general rule of thumb, lows have a pressure of around 1000 millibars (29.54 inches of mercury). As of 2016, the lowest pressure ever recorded on Earth was 870 mb (25.69 inHg) in the eye of Typhoon Tip over the Pacific Ocean on October 12, 1979. In high pressure systems, air at the center of the system is at a higher pressure than air in the surrounding area. Air in this system sinks and blows away from the high pressure. This descending air reduces water vapor and cloud formation resulting in light winds and stable weather. Air flow in a high pressure system is opposite that of a low pressure system. Air circulates clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and counter-clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. Article edited by Regina Bailey Sources Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. Atmospheric Pressure. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, Inc., 5 Mar. 2018, www.britannica.com/science/atmospheric-pressure. National Geographic Society. Barometer. National Geographic Society, 9 Oct. 2012, www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/barometer/. The Highs and Lows of Air Pressure. Winter Weather Safety | UCAR Center for Science Education, scied.ucar.edu/shortcontent/highs-and-lows-air-pressure.

Why The Government Goes Corrupt - 785 Words

When the authorities go corrupt, who is there to stop them? The government? What happens when the government goes corrupt? No one has more political voice and power than the government. At least, that’s what they say. What the people don’t realize, is that they have the biggest voice over any form of government or power. They say there is strength in numbers and there is no better example than citizens who are mistreated by their own government and demand more. Citizens have many reasons to rebel. When the people start to become less and less of people and more of disposable items to the government, it becomes time for a solution. Many governments are able to resolve a solution, but there are still few that cannot. Those small few cannot,†¦show more content†¦They think God put them on Earth for one reason, and when they fail to complete their tasks, they are eliminated. The government lashes out in violence and mass murder, and in severe cases, genocide. When these events occur it seems as the people can not stop it. The government is trying to destroy any and all power the people possess, and that will not be tolerated by the people. As stated, there is strength in numbers, you cannot stop the mass of individuals with one sole purpose. The people rebel and fight back, demanding the end of the violence. The lower class people of Russia living under the rule of Vladimir Lenin started to feel that they were being treated unfairly with the rich, upper class possessing more political power than them. They believed that every man and woman deserves the same amount of voice and impact in the government. When Lenin heard the cries of the poor, he shifted the power to equal out between the classes. As the poor gained more and more voice, the more and more equal the people became, yet in this instance equal was not good. All people made less and less money. It was even too little for the poor, let alone the rich, who adapted to a wealthy lifestyl e. The people waited longer than ever for food and groceries. With the people in such a deprived state, and Stalin in command, the government gained power and ruled with an iron fist. The people were forced to work jobs demanding physical labor for little pay. The people became sub-human

Tfactors Affecting Product Marketing

Question: Write an essay about the "tfactors affecting product marketing". Answer: Section I 1.1 Introduction Marketing is a process that is used by the companies to create the communication with the consumers and the process of increasing the value of the company before the consumers with raising the demand of their products in the market (Gohary, 2012). In this process of marketing the organisations has to face many problems internally and externally. Therefore, every organisation has to concentrate on the factors that affect the marketing of the product. According to Alon, Jaffe and Vianelli, (2013), there are two types of factors that affect a products marketing procedure. The external forces are cannot be controlled by any company or organisation. The factors that affect the marketing of any product are mainly the competition, natural forces, social and cultural forces, government policies, demographic factors and technological changes (Evanschitzky et al. 2012). These factors can change a products image in the market. Apart from this, there are some internal factors too that also influ ences the marketing of any product. These factors are profitability, production capacity, demand of the product, production costs, government rules and regulations, objectives and policies of the organisation etc (Sun, 2014). If an organisation fails to identify the factors whether internal or external then the company will loss for the particular product for using wrong marketing policies. In this research proposal, the researcher is selecting the product of Apple, which has faced some problems regarding the marketing. The iPhone S6 Gold has faced the problems regarding the external and internal factors in the time of marketing. This phone has faced the problem regarding its pricing policy that was very high for the customers of middle class segment (Alexander, 2016). In the case of this phone, the company has set a price level that is not affordable by all the customers and therefore in the time of marketing the target market or the segmentation of their customers became very small. According to Ifrach and Johari, (2014), this marketing policy has affected by the internal factor of setting the price level that has lessen their sell of the product in the future. Therefore, it is an important factor for any organisation to set a proper pricing range for their products that cannot affect the sale of their products. The products are affected by those factors, which can re duce the rate of marketing process of the particular product. Therefore, the companies have to consider these factors whether they are external or internal in the time of setting their marketing policies. The external factors too have an influence over the marketing policy of any company. The company has selected the premium price for the product, which was not accepted by the middle class customers who cannot afford the product in their daily life to use. Therefore, it is seen that the products of various companies are affected by the external and internal factors, which can drop the sale of the product. 1.2 Problem Statement The study is considering the issue of the Apples product iPhone S6 Gold that has created the problem in the market after it was launched in the year of 2015 (Froud et al. 2014). The main issue of the research is to understand the impact of the external and internal factors that are affecting the marketing of a product of any organisation. As the competition is increasing day by day in the business then all the companies are trying to increase their possibilities to enhance their business with launching new and innovative products daily. Therefore, the factors that are affecting the new products in the time of marketed g are very vital to understand the organisations to achieve their organisational goals and objectives. In this case, the researcher has discussed the issue of the iPhone S6 Gold that has faced the problem during the marketing of the product (Laitinen, Laitinen Saukkonen, 2016). The company has set the price of the product very high and the customers of the middle class level cannot afford the price level of the product. The issue is now very important as the issue is creating a massive loss for the company due to using the wrong marketing policy. The company has used the premium price for the product as they thought that they have used various innovative features and therefore the price of the product must to set on a high range. However, the high price of the product has created a bad effect on the customers that the company only think about a particular segment of the customers (Zoellner Schaefers, 2015). The company has to face this problem in the time of marketing this product regarding this internal factor of pricing strategy. This wrong strategy has influenced the sale of Apples new product iPhone S6 Gold that was only appropriate for the small segment of the customers. Due to the high competition, the market was focussed only in a particular sector of customer who belongs to the high class of the society (Cho, Kumar Telang, 2016). Therefore, it was the issue for the company that the externa l and internal factors of premium pricing and customers reaction towards the product during the marketing of the iPhone. The research will shed light on this issue that the companies has to focus on the factors that affects the products marketing and according to the requirement of the customers the marketing policies has to be framed. 1.3 Research Objectives/Questions The aim of this proposal is to find out the factors that affects the marketing process of a product of any organisation. In evaluating this, the researcher will also focus on the factors that have affected the Smartphone of Apple. The researcher has set some objectives for the research paper to conduct it properly and to meet the final destination of the research. The objectives are follows To understand the factors, external and internal both, of marketing a product To explore the impact of the external and internal factors on marketing of a product To evaluate the factors that has influenced on the marketing of the Apples iPhone S6 Gold To recommend some strategies for the company to overcome this situation that the product can be marketed properly The researcher has set some research questions to find out the research aim. The research questions are Q1. What are the factors that affect the marketing of a product? Q2. What are the impacts of external and internal factors in the time of marketing a product? Q3. What are the factors that Apple has faced in the time of marketing of their smart phone iPhone S6 Gold? Q4. What are the strategies that Apple has taken to overcome the situation? 1.4 Justification of the Project The researcher with the help of an extensive literature review will frame this proposal and then the required data will be collected from the customers of the Apple as well as from the employees of the company too to analyse the research topic. This research will help to develop the idea about the factors that are affecting the various companies marketing policies for their new products to launch. There are some other advantages too that will help various people who wants to know about the influence of the affecting factors of marketing of a product. It will also help the researcher to know about the situations that the company like Apple can face for implementing wrong marketing policies. 1.5 Expected Research Output/Outcome The expected outcome of the study is to provide an evaluating concept about the impact of the external and internal factors on the marketing of the new products. The marketing of products are affected by various external and internal factors that influence the organisations total sale. Therefore, the research will focus on the factors that are affecting the Apples product iPhone S6 Gold and for that, the company has faced the issues related to the pricing and market segmentation. Therefore, the research will help the researcher as well as the companies to understand the factors that affect their marketing procedures while marketing their products after launching and if the companies implement wrong marketing policy then the product will be affected badly. Section II 2.1 Conceptual Framework and Research Hypothesis The conceptual framework is the process of helping the researcher to identify the appropriate theories and models to evaluate the problem of the research topic and then to analyse the procedure in which the whole research will be precede (Kuester, Homburg Hess, 2012). Figure 1: Conceptual Framework (Source: Created by author) Hypothesis H0. The external and internal factors impacts on the marketing of a product H1. The external and internal factors does not impacts on the marketing of a product 2.2 Methodology Research methodology involves the discussion of the selected methods by the researcher in order to conduct the research. In the time of selecting the different methods and techniques, the researcher needs to concentrate on the research topic (Cheung, Sia Kuan, 2012). The following research methodology will be undertaken to conduct the analysis of the topic to reach the research aim and objectives. The processes are Literature Review In this part, the researcher will discuss the chapter in details manner. In order to run the business successfully for a long time the companies needs to create a positive marketing process in the market. With the help of various models and theories, the researcher will discuss regarding the impact various factors that affect marketing process of a product of the company. In this chapter, the researcher will also discuss regarding the relationship between the factors and marketing of a product of the company. The researcher will follow this step to start the research work to analyse the related theories and models to understand the proper need of this research. This will help the researcher to examine the factors that are affecting the product of the selected organisation (Racherla, Mandviwalla Connolly, 2012). The literature review will be conducted from the help of the various sites like Google Scholar and different journals that has published the issues regarding the topic. After analysing the step the researcher will be, enable to complete this research. In the time of conducting the research, the researcher faces several issues that work as gap in developing this chapter. It is very difficult for the researcher to select appropriate theories and models as per the research model. These theories and models may not be applicable in all the business situations (Racherla, Mandviwalla Connolly, 2012). Apart from that, the researcher cannot assure that the data collected from the different sources are fully authenticated. These gaps reduce the credibility sand reliability of the research topic. Surveys, Data Collection Procedure and Sample Size In this part, the will tell about the details research techniques that he will use to collect the data and information from the different sources. Research outline includes research philosophy, approach, data sources, data collection process and analysis of the collected data. For this research, the researcher will select post positivism as the research philosophy as it helps in proper analysis of the data. The researcher selects deductive approach as research approach because this approach will help the researcher to collect the data from various sources and meet the research objectives (De, Ribeiro Cortimiglia, 2014). Descriptive research design will help the researcher to analyse the topic and provide details information regarding the topic. Both quantitative and qualitative data are considered to increase the credibility of the research. Data Collection Method Numerous information has collected from series of data and surveys will be scrutinized to give an idea about marketing factors and its effect on the marketing of a particular product. The information that will help the researcher to conduct the project properly will be collected in quantitative and qualitative manner through surveys. The Quantitative data are numeric in nature. The researcher collects these data from the 35 customers of Apple. The Qualitative data are analytical in nature. The researcher considered five managers of Apple to collect qualitative data. The quantitative data will be collected from the 35 customers of the Apple iPhone S6 Gold and the qualitative data will be collected from four Managers of the organisation. This information will help the researcher to examine the proper condition of the company to conclude it properly. Here the researcher used probability sampling and non-probability sampling to collect the data from the various sources. For the customers of Apple, the researcher used probability sampling. Here, all the customers of the company are get equal opportunity to be selected as the sample. In case of managers, the researcher used non- probability sampling. Data Analysis Methods The researcher will include the research techniques such as positivism philosophy and primary data collection process for the research. The deductive approach has selected as the research approach and the design has chosen as the descriptive research design as the research methodology. The selection of deductive approach will help the researcher to conduct the research methodology with the help of the existed theories and models, which will help to develop the research project in this chapter (Laitinen, Laitinen Saukkonen, 2016). The descriptive research designs the researcher to conduct the research method very easily that the researcher will meet the objectives easily. In collecting the data from the company, the researcher needs an authorisation letter to meet with the managers of Apple. The researcher is not able to ensure regarding the collected data because these data may be influenced by several factors. In the time of conducting the research, the researcher needs to ensure that no respondents are influenced or forced to provide their answer. The researcher gets approval from the managers of Apple iPhone S6 Gold and starts the project (El, 2012). The researcher also needs to ensure that, the data will not use for any commercial purpose and strictly use for the academic purposes only. After collecting the data from different sources, the researcher needs to analyse and evaluate it properly. This will also help the researcher to conduct the conclusion part of the research. Appropriate data analysis will help in meeting the research objectives. Research conclusion and recommendation are also depends on the data analysis. The whole research and surveys will be presented through different related graphs and charts to elaborate the research topic and proper analysis. Section III 3.1 Organisation of the Study The organisational structure that the whole research project will follow is Chapter One This chapter will be focussing on introducing the research topic of the project and will depict the full plan of conducting the Research Proposal to pre plan the future research. Chapter Two The chapter will explore the issue of the product of Apples iPhone S6 Gold that has faced some issues regarding its marketing. Chapter Three This chapter will depict the methodology of the research in which way the research will be conducted. The chapter consists of literature review, data series and surveys or data collection procedure and the data analysis procedure. The data analysis part is most important in the research as the result of research is depending on this evaluation. Chapter Four This section holds the analysis of the research, which the researcher will do in this section. This section is consists of findings and analysis of the recommended research topic. Chapter Five This chapter will summarize the total findings and analysis of the research project to discuss the problem of Apple iPhone S6 Gold regarding the factors that has affected the marketing process of the product. 3.2 Gantt chart In this part, the researcher will set the total time duration for conducting the research project and then will divide the tenure of the full-expected research time in the following chart. Activities Initial Date Finishing Date Tenure (Days) Proposal of the Project 18/06/2016 01/07/2016 14 Literature Review 02/07/2016 16/09/2016 76 Collection of Data 17/09/2016 17/10/2016 60 Analysis of the Data 18/10/2016 18/11/2016 30 Submission of Final Report 19/11/2016 02/12/2016 31 3.3 Project Budget and Budget Justification The researcher will be needed an amount of money to conduct the whole research project. Therefore, the researcher has decided to set an approximate budget for the whole project and then complete it within the expected time shown in the Gantt chart. Therefore, the total money is divided into small pieces to use in every different section of this research purpose. The budget division that is specified by the researcher is follows The part where the researcher will do the Literature Review, the section will be needed to do the interviews and surveys to acquire knowledge about the research topic. The process will be dependent on the different sources such as customers of the organisation and employee of Apple and company websites, various online resources etc which are all require a particular amount of money. The researcher has allocated around $3000 for conducting this part. The researcher has to set the budget for the data collection procedure too. In this research the researcher will conduct surveys and questionnaires which will be printed or posted by mailing system. The researcher will also do the survey through online procedure which requires a particular charge for that. Apart from this, the researcher has to meet the customers of the Apple iPhone S6 Gold as well as some employees of the company to gather the data from them about the affecting factors in marketing this product. Therefore, the budget for the travelling and other requirements is around $2500. Apart from this, the researcher has set a budget for accessing various government data, charts, tables. Websites etc. Therefore, for the data analysis part the researcher has allocated an amount of approx $1000. Tasks Approximate Expenses For Literature Review $3000 For conducting the Data Collection Procedure $2500 For the purpose of Data Analysis $1000 Overall Budget Estimated $6500 Table 2: Expected Budget (Source: Created by author) References Alexander, M. (2016). Apple Watch Campaign April 22, 2016 Megan Alexander, Sammi Cowger, Brett Haskell, Kylie Leonard, and Abbey Venable. Alon, I., Jaffe, E., Vianelli, D. (2013).Global marketing: contemporary theory, practice, and cases. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin, c2013. xxi, 602 pages: illustrations, maps; 26 cm... Cheung, C. M. Y., Sia, C. L., Kuan, K. K. (2012). Is this review believable? A study of factors affecting the credibility of online consumer reviews from an ELM perspective.Journal of the Association for Information Systems,13(8), 618. Cho, D., Kumar, A., Telang, R. (2016). IExclusivity: An Effect of Iphone Exclusivity Arrangement on Demand for Smartphones.KAIST College of Business Working Paper Series, (2016-004). De Medeiros, J. F., Ribeiro, J. L. D., Cortimiglia, M. N. (2014). Success factors for environmentally sustainable product innovation: a systematic literature review.Journal of Cleaner Production,65, 76-86. El-Gohary, H. (2012). Factors affecting E-Marketing adoption and implementation in tourism firms: An empirical investigation of Egyptian small tourism organisations.Tourism Management,33(5), 1256-1269. Evanschitzky, H., Eisend, M., Calantone, R. J., Jiang, Y. (2012). Success factors of product innovation: An updated meta analysis.Journal of Product Innovation Management,29(S1), 21-37. Froud, J., Johal, S., Leaver, A., Williams, K. (2014). Financialization across the Pacific: Manufacturing cost ratios, supply chains and power.Critical Perspectives on Accounting,25(1), 46-57. Ifrach, B., Johari, R. (2014). The impact of visibility on demand in the market for mobile apps.Available at SSRN 2444542. Kuester, S., Homburg, C., Hess, S. C. (2012). Externally directed and internally directed market launch management: the role of organizational factors in influencing new product success.Journal of Product Innovation Management,29(S1), 38-52. Laitinen, E. K., Laitinen, T., Saukkonen, O. (2016). Impact of Reputation and Promotion on Internet Auction Outcomes: Finnish Evidence.Journal of Internet Commerce,15(2), 163-188. Racherla, P., Mandviwalla, M., Connolly, D. J. (2012). Factors affecting consumers' trust in online product reviews.Journal of Consumer Behaviour,11(2), 94-104. Sun, Y. (2014). A Smartphone Company's Innovative Marketing Strategy in the Chinese Market: A case study of iPhone. Zoellner, F., Schaefers, T. (2015). Do Price Promotions Help or Hurt Premium-Product Brands?.Journal of Advertising Research,55(3), 270-283.

Herman Essays (1635 words) - Moby-Dick, Herman Melville, Bartleby

Herman Melville Melville, Herman (1819-91), an American Novelist, is widely regarded as one of America's greatest and most influential novelists; known primarily as the author of Moby Dick. He belonged to a group of eminent pre-Civil War writers-American Romantics or members of the American Renaissance-who created a new and vigorous national literature. He is one of the notable examples of an American author whose work went largely unrecognized in his own time and died in obscurity. American novelist, a major literary figure whose exploration of psychological and metaphysical themes foreshadowed 20th-century literary concerns but whose works remained in obscurity until the 1920s, when his genius was finally recognized. Melville was born August 1, 1819, in New York City, into a family that had declined in the world. The Gansevoorts were solid, stable, eminent, prosperous people; the (Hermans Fathers side) Melvilles were somewhat less successful materially, possessing an unpredictable. erratic, mercurial strain. (Edinger 6). This difference between the Melvilles and Gansevoorts was the beginning of the trouble for the Melville family. Hermans mother tried to work her way up the social ladder by moving into bigger and better homes. While borrowing money from the bank, her husband was spending more than he was earning. It is my conclusion that Maria Melville never committed herself emotionally to her husband, but remained primarily attached to the well off Gansevoort family. (Humford 23) Allan Melville was also attached financially to the Gansevoorts for support. There is a lot of evidence concerning Melvilles relation to his mother Maria Melville. Apparently the older son Gansevoort who carried the mother's maiden name was distinctly her favorite. (Edinger 7) This was a sense of alienation the Herman Melville felt from his mother. This was one of the first symbolists to the Biblical Ishamel. In 1837 he shipped to Liverpool as a cabin boy. Upon returning to the U.S. he taught school and then sailed for the South Seas in 1841 on the whaler Acushnet. After an 18 month voyage he deserted the ship in the Marquesas Islands and with a companion lived for a month among the natives, who were cannibals. He escaped aboard an Australian trader, leaving it at Papeete, Tahiti, where he was imprisoned temporarily. He worked as a field laborer and then shipped to Honolulu, Hawaii, where in 1843 he enlisted as a seaman on the U.S. Navy frigate United States. After his discharge in 1844 he began to create novels out of his experiences and to take part in the literary life of Boston and New York City. Melville's first five novels all achieved quick popularity. Typee: A Peep at Polynesian Life (1846), Omoo, a Narrative of Adventures in the South Seas (1847), and Mardi (1849) were romances of the South Sea islands. Redburn, His First Voyage (1849) was based on his own first trip to sea, and White-Jacket, or the World in a Man-of-War (1850) fictionalized his experiences in the navy. In 1850 Melville moved to a farm near Pittsfield, Massachusetts, where he became an intimate friend of Nathaniel Hawthorne, to whom he dedicated his masterpiece Moby-Dick; or The White Whale (1851). The central theme of the novel is the conflict between Captain Ahab, master of the whaler Pequod, and Moby-Dick, a great white whale that once tore off one of Ahab's legs at the knee. Ahab is dedicated to revenge; he drives himself and his crew, which includes Ishmael, narrator of the story, over the seas in a desperate search for his enemy. The body of the book is written in a wholly original, powerful narrative style, which, in certain sections of the work, Melville varied with great success. The most impressive of these sections are the rhetorically magnificent sermon delivered before sailing and the soliloquies of the mates; lengthy flats, passages conveying nonnarrative material, usually of a technical nature, such as the chapter about whales; and the more purely ornamental passages, such as the tale of the Tally-Ho, which can stand by themselves as short stories of merit. The work is invested with Ishmael's sense of profound wonder at his story, but nonetheless conveys full awareness that Ahab's quest can have but one end. And so it proves to be: Moby-Dick destroys the Pequod and all its crew save Ishmael. There is a certain streak of the supernatural being projected in the writings of Melville, as is amply obvious in Moby Dick. The story revolves around the idea of an awesome sea mammal, which drives the passions of revenge in one man and forces him to pursue a course of action which leads

Phonaesthetics (Word Sounds)

Phonaesthetics (Word Sounds) In language studies, phonaesthetics is the study of the positive (euphonious) and negative (cacophonous) sounds of letters, words, and combinations of letters and words. Also spelled phonesthetics.  Ã‚   Linguist David Crystal defines  phonaesthetics  as the study of the aesthetic properties of sound, especially the sound symbolism attributable to individual sounds, sound clusters or sound types. Examples include the implication of smallness in the close vowels of such words as teeny  weeny, and the unpleasant associations of the consonant cluster /sl-/ in such words as slime, slug and slush (A Dictionary of Language, 2001).   Etymology From the Greek  phÃ… nÄ“aisthÄ“tikÄ“,   voice-sound    aesthetics Examples and Observations Sound Quality (Timbre) We speak of words as soft, smooth,   rough, sonorous, harsh, guttural, explosive.  About individual words not much can be saideven about cellar-door, which is reputed to be one of the most beautiful-sounding words in our language. With a sequence of words, especially one that shapes itself into a meaningful sentence or line of verse, the sound becomes more determinate and controlled. The still, sad music of humanity(Wordsworth, Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey) naturally calls for a grave and quiet reading.   The sound-quality of a discourse is, then, a regional quality that depends in part upon the qualities of its words and also upon [sound-similarity and sound-pattern].(Monroe C. Beardsley,  Aesthetics: Problems in the Philosophy of Criticism, 2nd ed. Hackett, 1981) Phonaesthetics and the Adopted Names of Actors Quite a few actors have changed their names simply because they didnt like the one they already had...There is a tendency for men to avoid gentle continuant sounds, such as m and l, when looking for new names, and to go in for the hard-sounding plosive consonants, such as k and g. Maurice Micklewhite became Michael Caine, Marion Michael Morrison became John Wayne, Alexander Archibald Leach became Cary Grant, Julius Ullman became Douglas Fairbanks.Women tend to go the other way. Dorothy Kaumeyer became Dorothy Lamour. Hedwig Kiesler became Hedy Lamarr. Norma Jean Baker became Marilyn Monroe.Actually, Roy Rogers is a bit weak, compared with most cowboy names. Cowboys tend to be full of plosives and short vowelsBill, Bob, Buck, Chuck, Clint, Jack, Jim, Like, Tex, Tom, Billy the Kid, Buffalo Bill, Wild Bill Hickok, Kit Carson. Roy doesnt quite explode from the lips in the same way. His horse, Trigger, actually does rather better.These are only tendencies, of course. There are plenty of e xceptions.(David Crystal, By Hook or by Crook: A Journey in Search of English. Overlook Press, 2008) Phonaesthetics and Nicknames [N]icknames incorporate more pleasant and gentle sounds than full names for both men and women. One reason for this is the [i:] ending characteristic of so many nicknames (Nicky, Billy, Jenny, Peggy). Crystal (1993) noted the distinctly masculine characteristics of the nickname Bob. Bob is easy for children to pronounce because its repeated , [b], is mastered early (Whissell 2003b).  Phonaesthetically, [b] is an unpleasant sound and the central vowel of the name is active and cheerful. Bob is, therefore, a prototypical masculine nickname, both in terms of the phonaesthetic system employed here and in terms of Crystals criteria. DeKlerk and Bosch (1997) argue for the importance  of phonaesthetics in the assignment of nicknames, and point to the positive social intent of name-givers as a main concomitant of this assignment.​  (Cynthia Whissell, Choosing a Name: How Name-Givers Feelings Influence Their Selections.  The Oxford Handbook of the Word, ed.  John R. Taylor. O xford University Press, 2015) Phonesthesia and Brand Names The loose association of  phonesthesia, applied to bigger chunks of sound, are ... the source of an unignorable trend in brand names  ...​Previously, companies named their brands after their founders (Ford, Edison, Westinghouse), or with a descriptor that conveyed their immensity (General Motors, United Airlines, U.S. Steel), or by a portmanteau that identified a new technology (Microsoft, Instamatic, Polavision), or with a metaphor or metonym connoting a quality they wished to ascribe (Impala, Newport, Princess, Trailblazer, Rebel).  But today they seek to convey a je ne sais quoi using faux-Greek and  Latinate neologisms built out of  word fragments that are supposed to connote certain  qualities without allowing people to put their finger on what they are. . . . Acuraaccurate? acute? What does that have to do with a car? Verizona veritable horizon? Does it mean that good phone service will recede into the distance forever? Viagravirility? vigor? viable? Are we s upposed to think it will make a man ejaculate like Niagara Falls? The most egregious example is the renaming of the Philip Morris parent company as  Altria, presumably to switch its image from bad people who sell addictive carcinogens to a place or state marked by altruism and other lofty values.  (Steven Pinker, The Stuff of Thought: Language as a Window Into Human Nature. Viking, 2007) Certainly, euphony should be a consideration in choosing a brand name. Lamolay sounds better than Tarytak for a toilet paper even though it has the same number of letters.  (John OShaughnessy,  Consumer Behaviour: Perspectives, Findings and Explanations. Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) Sound and Sense [T]he poet ... knows when the sound is carrying his sense, even if he doesnt know why. In creating his names and his verse, [J. R. R.] Tolkien was exercising both skills, in pursuit of what he called phonaesthetic pleasure (Letters  176).To illustrate, lets turn back  to our abandoned palato-velars. The phonaesthetics of the post-liquid palato-velar is a thing of beauty. It captured the heart of a young Texas poet  with the unlikely name of Tom Jones when he was in college, and he ï ¬ lled a whole song with them, which became the opening song of The Fantasticks, the longest running musical in the history of the New York stage. The song was called Try to Remember. The refrain was the single word we have looked at in its transformation from Old to Modern English: follow, follow, follow.  In each  stanza Jones crammed  as many of the mutated-liquid words he could: first mellow, yellow, fellow, then willow, pillow, billow, and then follow and hollow, finally ending where th e song began with mellow. . . .Tolkien does not incorporate quite  so many of these mutated palatovelar words in any one place, but the mention of the word willow should signal to  any Tolkien reader where I am going next: to the old Willowman of The Adventures of Tom Bombadil and The Old Forest chapter of The Lord of the Rings ...(John R. Holmes, Inside a Song: Tolkiens  Phonaesthetics.  Middle-Earth Minstrel: Essays on Music in Tolkien, ed. by Bradford Lee Eden. McFarland, 2010)   An Alternative View: Noisiness Many of those who have written about the topics of iconicity, sound symbolism, phonaesthetics  and phonosemantics write as though to unfold the latent surplus of meaning contained in certain sounds, letters or groups of letters. But iconic language is in the literal sense idiotic, speaking the idiom of the blindly singular, of purely accidental and idiomatic noise. It may well be that certain clusters of sounds seem charged with certain kinds of meaningfulnessi seems to connote littleness, gl- seems to be associated with light, and gr- with irascibilitybut the way these sounds work is by first signifying, not particular sound-qualities, but an abstract quality of noisiness as suchthe sound of just sounding.(Steven Connor,  Beyond Words: Sobs, Hums, Stutters and Other Vocalizations. Reaktion Books, 2014)      Monty Python and the Lighter Side of Phonaesthetics When the Pythons are not making words and names take on new meanings, they are likely commenting upon the inherent qualities of words themselves. One fine example appears in the Woody and Tinny Words sketch (ep. 42), in which an upper-middle-class family voice their opinions regarding the pleasure (or displeasure) derived simply from saying and hearing various words. For fun, try to see which of the following words sound woody (confidence building!) and which sound tinny (dreadful): SET ONE: gorn, sausage, caribou, intercourse, pert, thighs, botty, erogenous, zone, concubine, loose women, ocelot, wasp, yowlingSET TWO: newspaper, litterbin, tin, antelope, seemly, prodding, vacuum, leap, bound, vole, recidivist, tit, Simkins* The euphony or cacophony of words (what the Oxbridge scholars in Pythonand probably Gilliam, too, why not?would have known as phonaesthetics, the study of positive and negative sounds in human speech) may lead users to project certain connotations upon individual words (Crystal, 1995, 8-12). Such phonaesthetic connotative projection devolves, in this skit, into a practically visible form of mental masturbation, wherein the father (Chapman) must be doused with a bucket of water to be calmed down after cogitating upon too many woody sounding words. As he sagely notes, ... its a funny thing ... all the naughty words sound woody.  Its a theory not entirely without justification (the understanding of how linguistic connotations are often derived from sounds, not the masturbatory powers of individual words! Bloody pervert.)* Answer key: set one woody: set two tinny(Brian Cogan and Jeff Massey, Everything I Ever Needed to Know About _____ I Learned From Monty Python. Thomas Dunne Books , 2014)

Language teaching course Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Language teaching course - Essay Example Language learning has a little bit to do with survival. If you don’t speak a language, you cannot communicate or interact with others and you cannot have your needs met. Additionally, if the teacher does not give his students all the answers, they will play an important part in acquiring knowledge. This type of approach promotes learning of skills that can be applied in other areas. This approach helps students learn to analyze, memorize and, most important of all, they learn to draw inferences and conclusions (Field 2000). The vocabulary taught was basic: good morning, my name is†¦, I’m from†¦, you’re welcome, good bye, etc are some of the words taught during the lesson. The teacher would draw pictures to help us learn new words. The activity our teacher carried out seems to follow the Audio-Lingual Method, which is based on teacher-student and student-student interaction. According to this method teachers are to use both spoken and pictures cues so that students learn to respond to verbal and non-verbal stimuli (Larsen-Freeman 2000). The vocabulary selected has to be rather basic as the teacher has limited time and he has to be able to make simple drawings. This would not work with words that describe more complex ideas. Furthermore, when students are learning a new language, be it a familiar or unfamiliar language, teachers cannot go overboard and try to make them learn too much material. This means that the first couple of lessons are going to go slowly, hence the basic words, with emphasis on the survival skill (Richardson 1983). During the lesson the teacher did not translate any of the words into English, which required the teacher to become a sort of entertainer. He had to use body language and act out certain words and phrases, which was both amusing and helpful. The students felt they had to make an effort to understand and use their imagination. As my classmates and I listened to our teacher